Theory On How The Water Fuel Cell Works

A water molecule consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. Atoms consist of electrons, protons, and even smaller particles. The protons are grouped at the center of the atom in the nucleus, while the electrons orbit around the nucleus of the atom.



Electrons carry a negative charge. Protons carry a positive charge. Electrically stable atoms always have the same amount of electrons and protons. When the number of electrons and protons is not the same, the atom is electrically charged. This is called an ion.



The hydrogen atom has 1 proton and 1 electron.





The oxygen atom has 8 protons and 8 electrons











When two hydrogen atoms bond chemically with an oxygen atom, a water molecule is formed.









When oxygen and hydrogen combine to make water, a covalent bond is formed between the atoms. In a covalent bond, the atoms to form a molecule with shared electrons. In a water molecule the electrons are shared unequally. There are more electrons occupying the space around the oxygen atom than the hydrogen atom. The oxygen end of the molecule has a net negative charge, while the hydrogen end has a net positive charge. Because of the unequal sharing of electrons opposite charges are produced. The unequal electrostatic forces bond atoms of the water molecule chemically.

The unequal sharing of electrons produces a positive and negative side to the water molecule. This is referred to as a polar or dipole.







more on the water molecule



links



Water Molecule Website

Water Molecule Website (A good Interactive site but based on microwaves)

Water Molecule Website

Water Molecule Website







Oxygen gas molecule













Hydrogen Gas molecule

















Understanding Voltage







There are three known different forces/fields. They are gravity, magnetism, and voltage.


Voltage is basically the difference of electrons in two different locations. The greater the difference in the number of electrons in one location compared to the second location, the higher the voltage.


When you put the water molecule in a voltage field it will move itself to the appropriate positive and negative voltage fields. This happens because water is a dipole molecule with a positive and negative ends.



opposites attract ! see below





Websites that explain voltage



Some Basics site

Voltage Site 1

Voltage Site 2

Voltage Site 3 and the Water Molecule (A good Interactive site but based on microwaves)











Electrolysis vs. The Water Fuel Cell





Electrolysis separates water into hydrogen and oxygen. This process is done by constantly introducing electrons into the water solution.



Here is a link to information that best describes the process



Electrolysis Site





The water fuel cell uses a different process from electrolysis. In the fuel cell electrons are restricted, the water molecule undergoes a lot more stress, and an added sequence of events produce a much higher energy efficiency than electrolysis.







Stanley Meyer's Discovery



This is my understanding at present and is subject to change, although some WFC experimenters have also agreed with me on some of the things I am presenting.



Stanley Meyer found a way to use Voltage (electrostatic force) so that hydrogen and oxygen could be released on demand, serve our energy needs, and be sustained with very minimal power requirements



My simplified explanation of the material explains this process.





Stanley Meyer Identified two stages of gas production these are



Electrical Polarization process (Minimal Gas Yield)
Resonant gas production (High Gas Yield)






Electrical Polarization process







Electrostatic force chemically bonds the atoms of the water molecule. Stanley knew that if you raised voltage to a certain level electrons could be stripped of the water molecule. During this process the bonding force between the atomic structures of water is weakened.



For this to happen a few unconventional approaches had to be devised.











The Hydrogen Fracturing Process (Technical Brief) Book extract pg 1-16











The strong voltage force was used to strip electrons to weaken the electrostatic force that holds the water molecule together.



This is only possible because electron flow was inhibited.







Restricting electron flow and using pulses gave Stanley the following advantages over electrolysis:



The gap between the electrodes could be kept to a minimum (around 1mm). This was achieved because arcing could not occur with restricted electron flow.
keeps voltage high across the electrodes and prevents it from dropping to nothing.




Imagine the force of having this high voltage field with electron flow restricted. The water molecule would be pretty stressed out!



Maybe another way to visualize what I am saying Is imagine a magnetic force, as the magnet gets closer and closer it increases in strength. If the water molecule was effected by a magnetic force it would be ripped apart but the water molecule is not. (so it is useless using a magnetic force)



The Water molecule only reacts to a voltage/electrostatic force. That is why Stanley Meyer needed to restrict electron flow, if you bring a high voltage field closer and closer together, it will get to a point when it will arc (we don't want this!!!!). when it arcs electron flow has occurred and all that attracting force is lost. Relating this to the example above, it would be if the magnetic force was turned off.



A Point to Ponder: How can there be an arc, if there are no electrons to leak?



We still may need a little electron flow. That is why we need to experiment.













Electrical Polarization Process (Minimal Gas Yield)









The Hydrogen Fracturing Process (Technical Brief) Book extract pg 3-14















The Hydrogen Fracturing Process (Technical Brief) Book extract pg 1-7









My Diagrams



The step charging waveform below is discussed in further sections of my site, so don't worry about how it is produced at the moment. The waveform shows the effect on the water molecule when voltage increases in a progressive manner.

































Method Of Production of fuel gas patent 4,936,961



















Resonant Action (High Gas Yield)





The Hydrogen Fracturing Process (Technical Brief) Book extract pg 3-15













The Hydrogen Fracturing Process (Technical Brief) Book extract pg 3-15 - 3-16











My Drawing Describing Resonant Action



The main thing to note from this pulsed step charging is that it ionizers the hydrogen and oxygen atom (positive). This causes particle impact that will happen at a constant rate and can

be increased with voltage amplitude or adjustment to frequency. This effect of ionization and particle impact now exerts another effect separate to the polarization gas production, This effect is Resonant action gas production, It is possible Stanley Meyer says to increase gas yield to equal the flow rate of water entering the cell !!!!!!



I based the above drawing on the information from the text extract above (technical brief) and also from the DVD's I have in for available here



Note:-



Resonate gas production during the pulse off period is actually sustained for a certain period of time.













The Hydrogen Fracturing Process (Technical Brief) Book extract pg 5-8 - 5-9





















the voltage levels in the waveform below show the two stages we are interested in. these are...



Electrical Polarization Process

Gas Ionization Stage (Resonant Action)

Don't worry about the other points in the waveform, there for Stans water fuel injector we will discuss that in a another section. The graph just shows you that raising voltage and adjusting the pulse frequency will bring on resonate gas production. We don't need to get as high as 64n that would be used for his advanced version called the Water Injector System. Lets just get some gas on demand before we worry about that!!!

















To further your understanding of the technology I suggest you study this information.



Hydrogen Fracturing Process Book
Gas generator voltage control circuit
Method for the production of a fuel gas
Video footage The Water Fuel Cell DVDs


Production of Hydrogen and oxygen on demand happens using the powerful force of voltage, with restricting electron flow.



We will look into how to tune into both the Electrical Polarization process and Resonant gas production in further sections of this website.





My goal is to explain in the most basic terms possible the effects of the water fuel cell. The patents and other information can be obtained in the resources section. This section provides more detail and might answer most of the other questions you may have.



Some specifics are lacking in the patents, but the idea just needs experimenting, good trial and error procedure, and logical thinking.



I will continue my research, but this is a huge project. I propose a group effort.



Note: I have made an effort to back up these claims with reference material and links. Materials presented here are my understandings at present and are subject to change. Experimenters in this area have agreed with me about resistance being the key!



To discuss this further please visit the forum here.

Nanotechnology is a highly multidisciplinary field, drawing from a number of fields such as applied physics, materials science, interface and colloid science, device physics, supramolecular chemistry (which refers to the area of chemistry that focuses on the noncovalent bonding interactions of molecules), self-replicating machines and robotics, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, biological engineering, and electrical engineering. Grouping of the sciences under the umbrella of "nanotechnology" has been questioned on the basis that there is little actual boundary-crossing between the sciences that operate on the nano-scale. Instrumentation is the only area of technology common to all disciplines; on the contrary, for example pharmaceutical and semiconductor industries do not "talk with each other". Corporations that call their products "nanotechnology" typically market them only to a certain industrial cluster.[1]

Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology. In the "bottom-up" approach, materials and devices are built from molecular components which assemble themselves chemically by principles of molecular recognition. In the "top-down" approach, nano-objects are constructed from larger entities without atomic-level control. The impetus for nanotechnology comes from a renewed interest in Interface and Colloid Science, coupled with a new generation of analytical tools such as the atomic force microscope (AFM), and the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Combined with refined processes such as electron beam lithography and molecular beam epitaxy, these instruments allow the deliberate manipulation of nanostructures, and lead to the observation of novel phenomena.

Examples of nanotechnology are the manufacture of polymers based on molecular structure, and the design of computer chip layouts based on surface science. Despite the promise of nanotechnologies such as quantum dots and nanotubes, real commercial applications have mainly used the advantages of colloidal nanoparticles in bulk form, such as suntan lotion, cosmetics, protective coatings, drug delivery,[2] and stain resistant clothing.

Space Shuttle

Fact sheet
Function Manned partially re-usable launch and reentry system
Manufacturer United Space Alliance:
Thiokol/Boeing (SRBs)
Lockheed Martin (Martin Marietta) - (ET)
Rockwell International (orbiter)
Country of origin United States of America
Size
Height 56.1 m (184 ft (56 m))
Diameter 8.7 m (28.5 ft (8.7 m))
Mass 2,029,203 kg (4,474,574 lb)
Stages 2
Capacity
Payload to LEO 24,400 kg (53,600 lb)
Payload to
GTO 3,810 kg (8,390 lb)
Launch History
Status Active
Launch sites LC-39, Kennedy Space Center
SLC-6, Vandenberg AFB (unused)
Total launches 121
Successes 119
Failures 2
Maiden flight April 12, 1981
Notable payloads International Space Station components
Hubble Space Telescope
Galileo
Magellan
Chandra X-ray Observatory
Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
Boosters (Stage 0) - Solid Rocket Boosters
No boosters 2
Engines 1 solid
Thrust 2,800,000 lbf each, sea level liftoff (12.5 MN)
Specific impulse 269 s
Burn time 124 s
Fuel solid
First Stage - External Tank
Engines (none)
(3 SSMEs located on Orbiter)
Thrust 1,225,704 lbf total, sea level liftoff (5.25 MN)
Specific impulse 455 s
Burn time 480 s
Fuel LOX/LH2
Second Stage - Orbiter
Engines 2 OME
Thrust 53.4 kN combined total vacuum thrust (12,000 lbf)
Specific impulse 316 s
Burn time 1250 s
Fuel MMH/N2O4

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ProcessorIntel® Core™ 2 Duo Processor T5670 ProcessorIntel® Core™ 2 Duo Processor T5870
Operating systemFree DOS Operating systemFree DOS
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Monitor15.4" Widescreen WXGA (1280x800) TFT Display with Anti-glare Monitor15.4" Widescreen WXGA (1280x800) TFT Display with Anti-glare
Harddrive160GB 5400RPM SATA Hard Drive Harddrive160GB 5400RPM SATA Hard Drive
Optical DeviceSlot load 24X CD-RW/DVD Combination Drive Optical DeviceSlot load 8X max DVD+/-RW Drive with DVD+R double layer write capability
Graphic CardIntegrated Intel® Graphics Media Accelerator X3100 Graphic CardIntegrated Intel® Graphics Media Accelerator X3100
Network CardInternal 10/100/1000 Gigabit Ethernet Network CardInternal 10/100/1000 Gigabit Ethernet
Service1-Year Limited Warranty (Next Business Day On-site Service) Service1-Year Limited Warranty (Next Business Day On-site Service)

ECLIPSE PROMO

MOBILITY AND ROBOTIC SYSTEMS

Welcome to the JPL Robotics website! Here you'll find detailed descriptions of the activities of the Mobility and Robotic Systems Section, as well as related robotics efforts around the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. We are approximately 100 engineers working on all aspects of robotics for space exploration and related terrestrial applications. We write autonomy software that drives rovers on Mars, and operations software to monitor and control them from Earth. We do the same for their instrument-placement and sampling arms, and are developing new systems with many limbs for walking and climbing. To achieve mobility off the surface, we are creating prototypes of airships to fly through the atmospheres of Titan and Venus, and drills and probes to go underground on Mars and Europa.

To enable all of these robots to interact with their surroundings, we make them see with cameras and measure their environments with other sensors. Based on these measurements, the robots control themselves with algorithms also developed by our research teams. We capture the control-and-sensor-processing software in unifying frameworks, which enable reuse and transfer among our projects. In the course of developing this technology, we build real end-to-end systems as well as high-fidelity simulations of how the robots will work on worlds we are planning to visit.

Please use the menu at left to navigate to the view of our work that is most important to you. Our application domains are described in general terms, and then specifically in the context of flight projects and research tasks. Personnel are described in terms of the groups that constitute the section, as well as the people who constitute the groups. Most of our major robot systems are described, as are the laboratory facilities in which they are developed and exercised. For more detailed information, our publications may be accessed through a search engine, or more recent news may be browsed. Finally, to provide context to our current work, our charter is documented, the history of JPL robotics is described, and links to other related work are provided